ABSTRACT It is generally accepted that surpassing a threshold value of water-soluble salts at the substrate/coating interface can impart premature failure in painted structures. The Coatings industry has an identified need in defining a maximum allowable soluble salts content, however, a variety of threshold values are found in published data. Based on that, this work aims at evaluate the effect on epoxy coating performance of three different ranges of soluble salts content taking into account the maximum allowable values specified by NORSOK M-501 and IMO PSPC MSC.215, two important standards of naval and offshore sectors. Blast-cleaned carbon steel specimens contaminated with sodium chloride solutions diluted in methanol ranging 20, 50 and 100 mg/m² NaCl were painted with two epoxy-amine paint coats. Samples were evaluated by cathodic disbondment, water immersion at 40 ºC, pull-off adhesion strength and cyclic corrosion tests. Larger blisters and loss of adhesion were observed as the soluble salts content at the interface increased. Although, it was not possible to find a critical level of soluble salts even considering data about similar coating systems. A safe soluble salt content must be chosen based on tests that closer reproduce service and environmental conditions to which a painted structure will be exposed.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e avaliar novas formulações para o sistema de vulcanização em compostos elastoméricos a base de borracha estireno-butadieno (SBR) e borracha natural (NR), visando reduzir a formação de compostos pré-vulcanizados pelo aumento no tempo de armazenamento antes do processamento. Foram desenvolvidas formulações alternativas em relação a uma formulação padrão empregada por uma empresa do setor, variando-se os componentes do sistema de vulcanização (ativadores, agentes e aceleradores). As formulações foram avaliadas por ensaios de reologia, ensaios de resistência à tração e alongamento na ruptura, dureza, deformação permanente por compressão (DPC), envelhecimento acelerado em estufa e densidade absoluta. Foram observadas variações significativas nas propriedades dos compostos com as modificações realizadas nos sistemas de vulcanização (S1, S2, S3, P1 e P2), quando comparados com o sistema de vulcanização padrão (S0), principalmente, quando foram utilizados peróxidos orgânicos, como agente de vulcanização. De todas as formulações avaliadas, a que utilizou doador de enxofre e uma maior razão acelerador/enxofre, em relação ao sistema de vulcanização padrão apresentou todas as propriedades de acordo com a especificação técnica exigida para o composto padrão (S0) e redução no tempo de armazenamento e minimização da pré-vulcanização.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to develop and evaluate new formulations for the rubber vulcanization system based on styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber (NR), aiming at reducing the formation of pre-vulcanized compounds by increasing storage time before processing. Alternative formulations have been developed in relation to a standard formulation employed by a company of the sector, varying the components of the vulcanization system (activators, agents and accelerators). The formulations were evaluated by rheology tests, tensile strength and elongation at break, hardness, permanent compression deformation (DPC), accelerated aging in greenhouse and absolute density. There were significant variations in the properties of the compounds with the modifications made in the vulcanization systems (S1, S2, S3, P1 and P2), when compared with the standard vulcanization system (S0), mainly when organic peroxides were used as agent of vulcanization. Of all the formulations evaluated, the one that used sulfur donor and a higher accelerator / sulfur ratio, compared to the standard vulcanization system showed all properties according to the technical specification required for the standard compound (S0) with reduction in the time of storage and minimization of pre-vulcanization.

RESUMO: Este trabalho avaliou a utilização da água de imersão das folhas de pupunheira como componente do meio de cultivo para manutenção da cepa fúngica e a produção de inóculo de Pleurotus spp. utilizando como suporte folhas de pupunheira, um resíduo agrícola. Ainda, para verificar a capacidade do inóculo à base de folhas de pupunheira (FP) de produzir corpos frutíferos, foi realizado um experimento comparando FP com o inóculo à base de grãos de trigo (GT). Para tanto, realizou-se a comparação das velocidades de crescimento radial entre o meio de cultivo TDA (extrato de trigo, dextrose e ágar) utilizado para a manutenção de fungos do gênero Pleurotus e o meio FPDA (água de imersão de folhas de pupunheira, dextrose e ágar), e a comparação das velocidades de crescimento linear entre os grãos de trigo, utilizados como suporte para o inóculo de fungos do gênero Pleurotus e as folhas de pupunheira. O meio de cultivo TDA apresentou velocidade radial superior ao meio FPDA para as duas espécies, no entanto, o tipo de suporte não influenciou significativamente a velocidade de crescimento linear de P. ostreatus , que apresentou 6,71 mm/dia em grãos de trigo e 6,18 mm/dia em folhas de pupunheira. Assim, quando o inóculo à base de folhas de pupunheira é utilizado, a água de imersão deste suporte pode ser aproveitada para a confecção do meio de cultivo de manutenção (FPDA), diminuindo os custos produção. Observou-se que Pleurotus sajor-caju , quando cultivado em folhas de pupunheira utilizando inóculo FP, apresentou cerca de 47% de rendimento, 3% de eficiência biológica e 0,2 g/dia de produtividade, sem diferença significativa com o inóculo GT.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the use of immersion water from peach palm leaves (PPLDA) as a component of the culture medium for the maintenance of Pleurotus spp. and the use of agricultural waste, peach palm leaves, as inoculum support for the fungi. The performance of the inoculum based on peach palm leaves (PPL) for the production of Pleurotus spp. fruiting bodies was compared with that using wheat grains (WG) as inoculum support. PPLDA culture medium (immersion water of peach palm leaves, dextrose, and agar) showed a lower radial velocity of mycelial growth for both fungi than that obtained with the culture medium WDA (wheat extract, dextrose and agar), commonly used as maintenance medium for Pleurotus spp. However, the type of inoculum support does not significantly influence the linear velocity of P. ostreatus mycelial growth, reaching 6.71 mm/day on wheat grains and 6.18 mm/day on peach palm leaves. Thus, when the inoculum based on peach palm leaves is utilized, the immersion water used for preparing this support can be used for preparing the PPLDA maintenance culture medium, diminishing the production costs of Pleurotus mushrooms. Data also showed that when Pleurotus sajor-caju was cultivated on peach palm leaves, using PPL as inoculum support, the fruiting bodies production parameters (Y = 47%, BE = 3% and Pr = 0.2 g/day) did not differ from that obtained using WG.

Polysaccharides with medicinal properties can be obtained from fruiting bodies, mycelium and culture broth of several fungus species. This work was carried out in batch culture using a stirred tank reactor with two different initial glucose concentrations (40-50 g/L) and pH values (3.0-4.0) to enhance extracellular polysaccharides production by Pleurotus djamor UNIVILLE 001 and evaluate antitumor effect of intraperitonial administration of Pleurotus djamor extract on sarcoma 180 animal model. According to factorial design, the low pH value (pH 3.0) led to a gain of 1.6 g/L on the extracellular polysaccharide concentration, while glucose concentration in the tested range had no significant effect on the concentration of polysaccharide. With 40 g/L initial glucose concentration and pH 3.0, it was observed that yield factor of extracellular polysaccharide on substrate (Y P/S = 0.072) and maximum extracellular polysaccharide productivity (Q Pmax = 11.26 mg/L.h) were about 188% and 321% respectively higher than those obtained in the experiment performed at pH 4.0. Under these conditions, the highest values of the yield factor of biomass on substrate (Y X/S = 0.24) and maximal biomass productivity (Q Xmax = 32.2 mg/L.h) were also reached. In tumor response study, mean tumor volume on the 21th day was 35.3 cm³ in untreated group and 1.6 cm³ in treated group (p = 0.05) with a tumor inhibition rate of 94%. These impressive results suggests an inhibitory effect of P.djamor extract on cancer cells.

O alho é um alimento funcional que contém inulina, um polissacarídeo de reserva, que auxilia no controle das bactérias patogênicas e putrefativas existentes no intestino. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar uma metodologia simples de extração de carboidratos do alho, qualificar e quantificar a composição desse extrato empregando a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e a espectroscopia na região do infravermelho utilizando para isso um padrão de inulina. Os bulbos de alho foram submetidos à extração aquosa a quente por 4 horas; posteriormente o líquido resultante foi separado e a ele foram adicionados 300 mL de acetona. O extrato isolado foi avaliado quanto aos seus produtos de hidrólise alcalina e os resultados indicaram a presença de um oligossacarídeo como o observado para a inulina padrão. As principais bandas características dos carboidratos foram visualizadas entre 3600 a 3000 e 1200 a 900 cm-1. A técnica utilizada neste trabalho pode ser utilizada para extração da inulina, pois agrega valor a produtos naturais, gerando alternativas do ponto de vista econômico.

Garlic is a functional food that contains inulin, a reserve polysaccharide, which helps in the control of pathogenic and putrefactive bacterial present in the intestine. The aim of this work was to evaluate a simple method for the extraction of garlic carbohydrates and to qualify and quantify the composition of the extract using high performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy using the standard inulin. The bulbs of garlic were submitted to a four-hour water extraction and the remaining liquid was separated by centrifugation and added to 300 mL of acetone. The isolated extract was evaluated in relation to its products of alkaline hydrolysis and the results indicate the presence of an oligosaccharide as observed for the standard inulin. The main characteristic bands of carbohydrate were identified in the range of 3600 - 3000 cm-1 and 1200 - 900cm-1. The technique used in this work can be applied for the inulin extraction since it aggregates value to the natural products generating alternatives from the economical point of view.